Sunday, June 21, 2009

Individual freedom is related to economic opportunity

Booker T. Washington and the Negro's place in American life (The Library of American biography)
a biography by Samuel R. Spencer (1955)

p. 94 "At the bottom of education, at the bottom of politics, even at the bottom of religion itself," [Booker T. Washington] asserted, "there must be for our race, as for all races, an economic foundation, economic prosperity, economic independence."

p. 104 Political remedies had failed, and "social equality" had become more a shibboleth than a tangible goal; to exchange them for the guarantee of equal economic opportunity was a common-sense choice between "the superficial and the substantial."

[Today, in the English language, a shibboleth also has a wider meaning, referring to any "in-crowd" word or phrase that can be used to distinguish members of a group from outsiders - even when not used by a hostile other group. The word is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean jargon, the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or subculture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth]

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